4 Ağustos 2016 Perşembe

EXERCISE 8:

Choose the correct completion.

1- Tourists are still arriving in the town [despite/although) the warnings from the government about terrorist attacks.

2- [Despite/Although) she claims to be unable to cook, she always brings something delicious and home-made for her lunch.

3- [Despite/Although) her claims that she cannot cook, she always brings something delicious and home-made for her lunch.

4- There were still amendments to the project that we wanted to make, we didn't do badly considering the time-scale, [although/though).

5- Numbers of nuisance calls received by the fire brigade are continuing to rise [in spite of/though) the introduction of jail sentences for offenders.

6- [Even though/Despite) the long journey to the nearest beach, Daniel goes water-skiing every weekend.

7- [Although/In spite of ) he hates paperwork, he is always up-to-date with his filing.

8- [Although/In spite of) the fact that the washing machine was second-hand when we bought it, it has lasted another ten years.

9- He said he would read all of the questions [though/in spite of) he didn't feel confident at all.


10- [Even though/In spite of) there was a stiff breeze blowing across the beach, sitting outside was still pleasurable

EXERCISE 7:

Write sentences with the same meaning by using the word(s) in parentheses.

1-    He has decided to buy the holiday cottage in spite of being heavily in debt already. [even though)

2-    I didn't buy the rug even though I was offered a fifty percent discount, [despite)

3-    He eats his Sunday lunch at his mother's home every week though he doesn't live there any more, [in spite of)

4-    I think he loves living on his own despite still spending a great deal of time at his mother's, [even though)

5-    Even though she wasn't as well qualified as the others, to our surprise, she got the job. [despite) 

6-    In spite of being a cruel sport, fox hunting attracts many participants in rural areas. [even though) 

7-    In spite of struggling to cover his own expenses, he volunteers for a children's charity at weekends, [although)

8-    Despite having ample free time, her house is never tidy, [although) 

9-    Though this job doesn't require much knowledge, it is generally well-paid, [despite) 


10- Although the decorating is finished, they won't open for business until after Bayrarn. [in spite of)

3-4 CONCESSION AND CONTRAST

Karşıtlık bildiren bağlaçlar şunlardır: although, though, even though, while, whereas, much as, hotueuer + adj./adv., no matter + question word, as. 
Bu bağlaçlar, belirtilen bir durumdan beklenmeyen bir sonucun çıktığını ifade etmemizi sağlar. 
Although I was ill, I went to work. She took a walk even though it was raining heavily.
Anımsayacağınız gibi, neden-sonuç ilişkisi bildiren because, as, since gibi bağlaçların beklenilen bir sonuç ifade ettiğini görmüştük. Karşıtlık bildiren bağlaçlar ise beklenmeyen bir sonuç ifade ederler. Şu iki örneği inceleyelim:
Because she studied hard, she passed the exam, (expected result) Although she studied hard, she didn't pass the exam, (unexpected result)
Karşıtlık bildiren bağlaçlar, neden-sonuç ilişkisi bildiren bağlaçlarda da olduğu gibi, tense uyuşması gerektirmez. Ancak yine de iki eylemin zaman yönünden ilişkisine dikkat etmek gerekir.
Although it was cold yesterday. I took my regular walk. (Eylemlerin her ikisi de dün gerçekleşti.) Although it was cold yesterday, it is quite warm today. Although it has been quite mild for some time, snow is expected in the coming days. Although she has been learning English for over four years, she still can't speak it properly. Although she had been learning English for over four years, she still couldn't speak it properly. 
a)    Although, though, even though
Bu bağlaçların üçü de aynı anlamı verir. Even though biraz daha vurgulu bir anlatımdır. Bağlacın bağlı bulunduğu cümle temel cümleden önce ya da sonra gelebilir.
Although she is quite good at music, she doesn't want to be a musician.
Though
Even though
She doesn't want to be a musician although she is quite good at music, though even though
Müzikte çok iyi olduğu halde/olmasına rağmen, müzisyen olmak istemiyor.
Though iki bağımsız cümleyi birleştirmek için de kullanılabilir. Bu kullanımıyla though, "but, yet" anlamını verir ve genellikle ikinci cümlenin sonunda kullanılır ama ikinci cümlenin başında da yer alabilir. 
I didn't like the film, though I liked its background music.       I didn't like the film; I liked its background music, though.
I didn't like the film, but/yet 1 liked its background music. Filmi beğenmedim ama fon müziğini beğendim.
b)      In spite of ve despite, "although" anlamını veren preposition'lardır. In spite of ve despite' dan sonra bir cümle değil, isim, zamir ya da isim-fiil gelir. 
Although/Though/Even though + a clause, main clause.
Although it was rainy, they went on a picnic. In spite of/Despite + noun/pronoun/gerund, main clause
In spite of the rain, they went on a picnic.
Though she was inexperienced, she got the job, Despite her inexperience/her being inexperienced, she got the job. Even though the food we were offered at the party looked wonderful, it tasted awful. In spite of the wonderful look of the food we were offered at the party, it tasted awful.
Sue rejected the job with the accounting firm even though she was offered a big salary. Kendisine yüksek bir maaş Önerildiği halde Sue muhasebe şirketindeki işi reddetti.
Sue rejected the job with the accounting firm despite the big salary she was offered. Kendisine önerilen yüksek maaşa rağmen Sue muhasebe şirketindeki işi reddetti
c)      Despite ve in spite of dan sonra "the fact that" kullanırsak, devamında bir clause gelir. 
Despite her old age, she still takes long walks every day,
Despite the fact that she is old, she still takes long walks every day. 
In spite of practicing every day, she is still bad at driving. In spite of the fact that she practices every day, she is still bad at driving.










EXERCISE 6:

Combine the ideas by using so that, expressing purpose. 

Example :     She took a part-time job because she wanted to be able to spend more time with her children. She took a part-time job so that she would be able to spend more time with her children. 

1-    She is cooking extra food tonight because she wants to have some left over for tomorrow. 

 2-    We bought a holiday home because we wanted to be able to take a break at any time. 

3-    We're going to take a taxi to and back from the restaurant because we want to have a bottle of wine with our meal. 

4-    She has taken the children to the park, since she wants to let them run around a bit. 

5-    They are hiring two specialist drugs workers. They want to force young offenders into treatment. 

6-    They hired two specialist drugs workers. They wanted to force young offenders into treatment. 

7-    He went back to working as a salesman because he wanted to have a less stressful job. 

8-    He is going to spend a year in England. He wants to improve his English.

9- She spent a year in Germany in order to gain experience in an international company.


10- They have developed a training course because they want to ensure all their staff can use the new computer system.  

18 Temmuz 2016 Pazartesi

3-3 EXPRESSING PURPOSE


 Amaç bildiren yapılar şunlardır: so that, in order that for the purpose that for fear that, lest 

a)      So that ve in order that aynı. anlama sahiptir ve kullanım kuralları da aynıdır. Ancak in order that daha az kullanılan bir bağlaçtır. So that ve in order that' in bağlı bulunduğu cümle, temel cümledeki eylemin yapılış amacını ifade eder. 

She is learning computing.
She wants to find a better job.
She is learning computing because she wants to find a better job.
She is learning computing so that/in order that she can find a better job. 
I got up early because I didn't want to be late for my interview.
I got up early so that/in order that I wouldn't be late for my interview.

So that/in order that temel cümle ile yan cümle arasında tense uyuşması gerektirir. Bağlı bulundukları cümle genellikle ikinci bölümde yer alır ancak cümlenin başında da bulunabilir. Temel cümle ile yan cümlede kullanabileceğimiz tense ve modal' lar şunlardır:

Present/Future


Main clause

Subordinate Clause
am/is/are doing
do/does
be going to do
will do
have/has done

+    so that  +
do/does
am/is/are
can
will
will be able to
may

Past


Main clause

Subordinate Clause
did
had done

+    so that  +
would
could
would be able to
might

b)      For the purpose that, so that ile aynı anlamı verir.

She is now attending a conversation club for the purpose that/so that she can practice speaking English.

Lest "for fear that, in case" anlamındadır ve genellikle should ile kullanılır. Temel cümlenin Tense' ine uygun olarak Simple Present ve Simple Past tense de kullanılabilir. Lest Türkçeye olumsuz olarak çevrilir.
         We all spoke in quiet voices lest we should wake the baby. Bebeği uyandırmayalım diye hepimiz alçak sesle konuştuk
         We all spoke in quiet voices for fear that we might wake the baby. Bebeği uyandırırız korkusuyla hepimiz alçak sesle konuştuk

c)      For the purpose of ve for fear of kendinden sonra gerund alır.
         She went to her husband's office for the purpose of seeing him. We all spoke in quiet voices for fear of waking the baby.

d)      Amaç bildirmek için to/in order to/so as to + infinitive de kullanabiliriz.
         She lay on the sofa because she wanted to rest for a while.
She lay on the sofa so that she could rest for a while.
She lay on the sofa to rest for a while.
in order to rest for a while.
so as to rest for a while.

Olumsuz cümlede in order not to, so as not to kullanılır.
         We kept the news secret because we didn't want to upset her.
We kept the news secret so that we wouldn't upset her.
We kept the news secret in order not to upset her.
so as not to upset her

To, in order to ve so as to cümlenin başında da kullanılabilir.
         To be successful, you should work harder.
In order to be successful, you should work harder.
So as to be successful, you should work harder.

e)      So that ile in case  arasındaki ayrıma dikkat ediniz. In case' in, bir eylemin gerçekleşmesi olasılığına karşı önceden hazırlanmayı İfade ettiğini daha önce görmüştük. So that ise bir eylemin gerçekleşmesi için yapılan hazırlığı ifade eder. Şu İki örneği karşılaştıralım:

I will take my umbrella with me in case it rains/should rain.
I will take my umbrella with me so that I don't get wet in the rain.

Birinci cümleyi Türkçeye 'Yağmur yağarsa diye şemsiyemi yanıma alacağım.' biçiminde çevirebiliriz. Yani yağmurun yağması olasılığına karşı hazırlıklı olmak istiyoruz. İkinci cümleyi ise 'Yağmurda ıslanmayayım diye (ıslanmamak için) şemsiyemi yanıma alacağım.' biçiminde çevirebiliriz. Buradan çıkaracağımız anlam 'Yağmur yağıyor ve ben ıslanmak istemiyorum. Bu yüzden şemsiyemi yanıma alacağım.' olabilir.

Ancak so that' li cümleyi biraz değiştirerek yazarsak, in case' li cümlenin anlamını elde edebiliriz.
         I will take my umbrella with me so that I don't get wet if it rains. Yağmur yağarsa ıslanmayayım diye (ıslanmamak için) şemsiyemi yanıma alacağım.
I want to do some shopping in case my parents come at the weekend, Hafta sonunda annemler gelirse diye biraz alışveriş yapmak istiyorum
I want to do some shopping so that I will have plenty of food at home if my parents come at the weekend. Hafta sonunda annemler gelirse evde bolca yiyecek olsun diye biraz alışveriş yapmak istiyorum.

f) Amaç bildiren so that ile sonuç bildiren so bazen karışıklık yaratabiliyor. Çünkü sonuç bildiren so, çok yaygın olmamakla birlikte, so that biçiminde kullanılabiliyor. Bunların ayrımım yaparken şu noktalara dikkat etmeliyiz:
1- Sonuç bildiren so that ikinci cümlenin başında kullanılır ve genellikle kendinden önce bir virgül gelir.
She studied very little, so that she got a rather low grade. Çok az çalıştı. Bu yüzden çok düşük bir not aldı. 
Amaç bildiren so that cümlenin başında da yer alabilir. 
She studied very hard so that she could pass the exam. So that she could pass the exam, she studied very hard. Sınavı geçebilmek için çok çalıştı. 
2- Amaç bildiren so that' den sonra Simple Past tense kullanılmaz. Sonuç bildiren so that' den sonra ise Simple Past tense yaygın olarak kullanılır.
They bought a large house, so that the children had their own rooms, (result) Büyük bir ev aldılar. Böylece çocukların kendi odaları oldu.
They bought a large house so that the children would have their own rooms, (purpose) Çocukların kendi odaları olsun diye büyük bir ev aldılar. 
3- Could, couldn't, would be able to, wouldn't be able to amaç bildiren so that ile çok sık kullanılır. Ancak bu bağlaçla was/were able to kullanılmaz. Was/were able to, sonuç bildiren so (that) ile kullanılabilir.
She studied hard, so that she was able to pass the exam. Çok çalıştı. Böylece sınavı geçebildi, (result)
She studied hard so that she could pass the exam. Sınavı geçebilmek için çok çalıştı, (purpose)
Ancak couldn't her iki yapıyla da kullanıldığı için karışıklığa neden olabiliyor. Bu durumda so that' in amaç mı yoksa sonuç mu bildirdiğini parçanın bütününden ya da konuşmanın akışından anlayabiliriz.
They locked the door so that he couldn't go out. 
Bu cümleden şu İki anlamı çıkarabiliriz: 
They locked the door, so that he wasn't able to go out. Kapıyı kilitlediler. Bu yüzden dışarı çıkamadı, (result]
They locked the door so that he wouldn't be able to go out. O dışarı çıkamasın diye kapıyı kilitlediler, (purpose)


EXERCISE 5:

Choose the correct completion.

1- Neglect and deprivation during childhood [lead to/result from) anti-social behavior and delinquency in some teenagers.

2- [Due to the fact that/Owing to) many police departments are understaffed, crime continues to rise.

3- [Due to the fact that/Owing to) a shortage of trained police officers, crime continues to rise.

4- The long queues of traffic [resulted in/resulted from) an accident involving a car and a truck on the A41.

5- An accident involving a car and a truck on the A41 this morning [resulted in/resulted from) long queues of traffic. 

6- [Thanks to/Due to the fact that) funding and a handful of volunteers, the woman's refuge is now operational.

7- She left her daughter at her mother's [so/as] she didn't want to drag her around all the shops.

 8- She didn't want to trail around the shops with her daughter, [so/as) she left her at her sister's house.

9- He is a father of two children now; [therefore/since), he can't afford everything he used to.

10- The price increase is [since/due to) an increase in the price of raw materials.

11- [As a consequence of/The reason for] the threat of terrorist attacks, all Accident and Emergency staff are undergoing training for chemical and biological incidents.

12- She changed her job. not {because/for) she didn't like working for the council but (because/thanks to) she was offered so much money to manage the veterinary surgery.

13- [Because/Because of) the magazine came with a desirable free gift, I couldn't resist buying it.

14- [Because/Because of) the free nail varnish offered with the magazine, I decided to buy it.

15- [For/As) I am attending a meeting in London on Friday, 1 will have dinner with my sister who lives there.


30 Haziran 2016 Perşembe

EXERCISE 4:

EXERCISE 4:    Using the given words, combine the following ideas.

1- House prices are rising rapidly in most parts of the country. First time buyers are experiencing difficulty buying a house.
a) (therefore) ...................................................................................................................................... 
b) (because) ........................................................................................................................................
c) (so) .................................................................................................................................................
d) (as a consequence of).................................................................................................................... 
e) (consequently) ...............................................................................................................................
f) (due to)  ......................................................................................................................................... 
g) (be due to) ......................................................................................................................................
h) (so ... that) ...................................................................................................................................... 
i) (owing to the fact that) .................................................................................................................. 
j) (since) ............................................................................................................................................... 

2- The basketball team have introduced a talented young player. They are winning more games.
a) (such ... that) .................................................................................................................................
 b) (result in) ...................................................................................................................................... 
c) (result from) ..................................................................................................................................
d) (as a result of) .............................................................................................................................. 
e) (thanks to) ....................................................................................................................................
 f) (on account of) ............................................................................................................................. 
g) (the reason for) ............................................................................................................................. 
h) (because)  ................................................................................................................................... 
i) (so) ................................................................................................................................................

 j) (be a result of)..................................................................................................................................

3-2 ADVERBIAL CLAUSES SHOWING CAUSE AND EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS

3-2 ADVERBIAL CLAUSES SHOWING CAUSE AND EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS
Neden-sonuç ilişkisi bildiren bağlaçlar şunlardır: because, as, since, seeing that as/so long as. inasmuch as. Bu bağlaçlar nedeni ifade eden cümlenin başında kullanılırlar. Temel cümle ise sonucu belirtir. Adverbial clause temel cümleden önce ya da sonra gelebilir.
Cause: I was Ml. Effect: I didn't go to work.
Because I was ill, I didn't go to work. [ didn't go to work because I was ill.
Since she wants to lose weight quickly, she is on a strict diet. Çabuk kilo vermek istediği için sıkı bir perhiz yapıyor.
As/so long as it is raining heavily. I think we can't go out for a walk.
As it was very cold in the garden, we decided to eat inside the restaurant.
Seeing that the traffic was rather heavy, we decided to take the back roads to work,
Seeing as you've got lots of money, you can pay for the drinks.
NOTES
a)      Neden-sonuç ilişkisi bildiren cümlelerde temel cümle ile yan cümle arasında tense uyuşması zorunlu değildir. Ancak yine de eylemlerin zaman bakımından ilişkisine dikkat etmek gerekir. Örneğin. "Because the grocery bag was heavy" ifadesini "I can't earn] İt." biçiminde tamamlayanlayız. Çünkü çantanın ağır olması geçmiş zamana aitse onu taşıyamama eylemi de geçmiş zamanla ifade edilmelidir. Bu nedenle bu cümle şu biçimde tamamlanabilir;
Because the grocery bag was heavy, I couldn't carry it.
Şimdi şu örnekleri inceleyelim:
Because he drank too much last night, he feels terrible now.
Because he drank too much last night, I drove the car back from the party.
 Yukarıdaki cümlelerden birincisinde 'drink' eylemi geçmişte gerçekleşmiştir. 'Feel eylemi ise konuşmanın geçtiği anı ifade etmektedir. Bu yüzden 'drink' past tense ile 'feel' present tense ile ifade edilmiştir. İkinci cümlede ise 'drink' eylemi ile onun sonucu olan 'drive' aynı zamana ait eylemlerdir. Bu yüzden her ikisi de past tense ile ifade edilmiştir
b) Neden-sonuç İlişkisi, bağlaçların yanı sıra başka yapılarla da ifade edilebilir: because of, on account of, thanks to, owing to, due to. Bu yapılar kendilerinden sonra isim, zamir ya da isim-fiil (gerund) alırlar.
Because
Since
As
As/so long as + a clause, main clause.
Inasmuch as
Seeing that,
Seeing as

Because of On account of
Thanks to + noun/pronoun/gerund, main clause.
Owing to Due to
Cause: She was ill.                       Effect: She couldn't go to school.
Because she was ill, she couldn't go to school. Hasta olduğu için okula gidemedi.
Because of her illness, she couldn't go to school. Hastalığı yüzünden okula gidemedi.
I was late for work yesterday because the traffic was heavy. 1 was late for work yesterday because of the heavy traffic.
As prices rise dramatically, it's difficult to make ends meet.
Owing to dramatically rising prices, it's difficult to make ends meet.
Since employment is limited in rural areas, many people are moving to big cities.
Due to the limited employment in rural areas, many people are moving to big cities,
Bazen isim kalabalık bir sözcük öbeğinden oluşabilir. Bu durumda isim ile cümle arasındaki ayrımı yaparken dikkatli olunuz. İngilizce'de Subject + verb diziminin bir cümle oluşturduğunu anımsayınız.
Because she bought me a very expensive present for my birthday, I now feel obliged to buy her an expensive one too. (Subject + verb, a clause)
Because of the very expensive present she bought me for my birthday, I now feel obliged to buy her an expensive one too. (noun + relative clause = "doğum günümde bana aldığı çok pahalı hediye" yine isimdir.)
Because there has been construction work on the highway going on for some time now, we have been taking another road to work.
On account of the construction work on the highway going on for some time now, we have been taking another road to work.
c) Because of, on account of, due to ve owing to yapılarından sonra the fact that kullanırsak devamında İsim değil cümle gelir.         
d) Therefore, consequently ve as a result neden-sonuç ilişkisi bildiren transition'lardır. Transition, bir düşünceden başka bir düşünceye geçişi sağlayan sözcük ya da sözcük grubudur. Transition ikinci cümlenin yani sonuç cümlesinin başına gelir ve iki cümle yer değiştiremez.
Cause: It's raining heavily.                    Effect: We can't go out,
Because it's raining heavily, we can't go out. We can't go out because it's raining heavily.
It's raining heavily.   Therefore, we can't go out.
Consequently, we can't go out. As a result, we can't go out.
It's raining heavily, so we can't go out.
She didn't feel well. Therefore, she left the office early. She didn't feel well. She, therefore, left the office early. She didn't feel well. She left the office early, therefore. (Note: Birinci cümleden sonra nokta yerine noktalı virgül koyup ikinci cümleye geçebiliriz. Bu durumda cümleye küçük harfle başlanır.)
Bir transition cümle içinde üç yerde bulunabilir: cümlenin başında, özneden sonra (yardımcı fiil varsa, yardımcı fiille yüklem arasında) ve cümlenin sonunda. Genellikle transition virgülle cümlenin devamından ayrılır.
Yukarıda tablodaki cümleler aynı anlamı ifade etmektedirler. Ancak kullanım farkları vardır. 
Because, as, since gibi bağlaçlar bir yan cümleyi temel cümleye bağlayan sözcüklerdir. Yan cümle temel cümleden önce ya da sonra gelebilir.
Therefore, consequently ve as a result "bu yüzden, bu nedenle" anlamını veren geçiş sözcükleridir ve ikinci cümlede kullanılırlar. So, iki bağımsız cümleyi birleştiren bir bağlaçtır ve o da therefore vb. gibi sonuç cümlesinde kullanılır. Ancak so cümle içinde transition 'lar gibi yer değiştiremez ve genellikle kendinden önce bir virgül alır.
e) As a result of ve as a consequence of, "because of anlamındadır ve kendilerinden sonra noun/pronoun alarak nedeni ifade eden cümlede kullanılırlar.
He came late. Consequently, we missed the bus.
We missed the bus as a consequence of his coming late.
[Onun geç gelmesi yüzünden otobüsü kaçırdık.)
She was busy. As a result, she couldn't help me. As a result of her being busy, she couldn't help me.
f) So ... that ve such ... that bağlaçları da neden-sonuç ilişkisi ifade eder *,
Cause: It was too windy.              Effect: We couldn't go sailing.
It was so windy that we couldn't go sailing.
Cause: It was a wonderful film. Effect: I watched it again.
It was such a wonderful film that I watched it again.
g)      For "because" ile aynı anlamı verir ancak kullanımı daha kısıtlıdır.
For, neden belirten cümlenin başında kullanılır ancak bağlı bulunduğu cümle ikinci bölümde yer alır.
He finished his meal quickly, for he hadn't eaten anything since the morning. (For'un bağlı bulunduğu cümle başa gelemez.)
He finished his meal quickly because he hadn't eaten anything since the morning.
Because he hadn't eaten anything since the morning, he finished his meal quickly.
For, "not, but" gibi başka bir bağlaçla kullanılmaz ancak because bu şekilde kullanılabilir.
I got annoyed, not because he came late but because he didn't inform me that he was going to be late. Geç kaldığı için değil, geç kalacağını bana bildirmediği için kızdım.
Because bir soruya yanıt olarak kullanılabilir ancak for, as ve since bu biçimde kullanılmaz
- Why were you late for work?
- Because I missed the bus
h)      İki cümle arasında neden-sonuç ilişkisi, incelediğimiz bu bağlaç ve kalıpların dışında başka sözcük ya da yapılarla
da ifade edilebilir. Şimdi aşağıdaki cümleleri dikkatle inceleyiniz.
Cause

Effect
Man hunts whales in large numbers;

therefore as a result.   as a result of this.   consequently,   as a consequence of this,   because of this.   thus

they face extinction
Man hunts whales in large numbers.
so
they face extinction.

da ifade edilebilir. Şimdi aşağıdaki cümleleri dikkatle inceleyiniz.

Cause

Effect
Man hunts whales in so many whales tha
such large numbers that Man hunts
they face extinction
they face extinction
Because 
Since
Due to the fact that Owing to the fact that
man hunts whales in large numbers
they face extinction.AS
Because of
On account of Due to Owing to Thanks to As a result of As a consequence of
man's hunting whales in large numbers.
they face extinction



Cause

Effect
Man's hunting whales in large numbers causes

the danger of their becoming extinct
leads to results in is the reason for is responsible for





Effect

Cause
Whales' facing extinction
is due to
is a consequence of results from
is a result of
man's hunting  them in large numbers