30 Haziran 2016 Perşembe

EXERCISE 4:

EXERCISE 4:    Using the given words, combine the following ideas.

1- House prices are rising rapidly in most parts of the country. First time buyers are experiencing difficulty buying a house.
a) (therefore) ...................................................................................................................................... 
b) (because) ........................................................................................................................................
c) (so) .................................................................................................................................................
d) (as a consequence of).................................................................................................................... 
e) (consequently) ...............................................................................................................................
f) (due to)  ......................................................................................................................................... 
g) (be due to) ......................................................................................................................................
h) (so ... that) ...................................................................................................................................... 
i) (owing to the fact that) .................................................................................................................. 
j) (since) ............................................................................................................................................... 

2- The basketball team have introduced a talented young player. They are winning more games.
a) (such ... that) .................................................................................................................................
 b) (result in) ...................................................................................................................................... 
c) (result from) ..................................................................................................................................
d) (as a result of) .............................................................................................................................. 
e) (thanks to) ....................................................................................................................................
 f) (on account of) ............................................................................................................................. 
g) (the reason for) ............................................................................................................................. 
h) (because)  ................................................................................................................................... 
i) (so) ................................................................................................................................................

 j) (be a result of)..................................................................................................................................

3-2 ADVERBIAL CLAUSES SHOWING CAUSE AND EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS

3-2 ADVERBIAL CLAUSES SHOWING CAUSE AND EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS
Neden-sonuç ilişkisi bildiren bağlaçlar şunlardır: because, as, since, seeing that as/so long as. inasmuch as. Bu bağlaçlar nedeni ifade eden cümlenin başında kullanılırlar. Temel cümle ise sonucu belirtir. Adverbial clause temel cümleden önce ya da sonra gelebilir.
Cause: I was Ml. Effect: I didn't go to work.
Because I was ill, I didn't go to work. [ didn't go to work because I was ill.
Since she wants to lose weight quickly, she is on a strict diet. Çabuk kilo vermek istediği için sıkı bir perhiz yapıyor.
As/so long as it is raining heavily. I think we can't go out for a walk.
As it was very cold in the garden, we decided to eat inside the restaurant.
Seeing that the traffic was rather heavy, we decided to take the back roads to work,
Seeing as you've got lots of money, you can pay for the drinks.
NOTES
a)      Neden-sonuç ilişkisi bildiren cümlelerde temel cümle ile yan cümle arasında tense uyuşması zorunlu değildir. Ancak yine de eylemlerin zaman bakımından ilişkisine dikkat etmek gerekir. Örneğin. "Because the grocery bag was heavy" ifadesini "I can't earn] İt." biçiminde tamamlayanlayız. Çünkü çantanın ağır olması geçmiş zamana aitse onu taşıyamama eylemi de geçmiş zamanla ifade edilmelidir. Bu nedenle bu cümle şu biçimde tamamlanabilir;
Because the grocery bag was heavy, I couldn't carry it.
Şimdi şu örnekleri inceleyelim:
Because he drank too much last night, he feels terrible now.
Because he drank too much last night, I drove the car back from the party.
 Yukarıdaki cümlelerden birincisinde 'drink' eylemi geçmişte gerçekleşmiştir. 'Feel eylemi ise konuşmanın geçtiği anı ifade etmektedir. Bu yüzden 'drink' past tense ile 'feel' present tense ile ifade edilmiştir. İkinci cümlede ise 'drink' eylemi ile onun sonucu olan 'drive' aynı zamana ait eylemlerdir. Bu yüzden her ikisi de past tense ile ifade edilmiştir
b) Neden-sonuç İlişkisi, bağlaçların yanı sıra başka yapılarla da ifade edilebilir: because of, on account of, thanks to, owing to, due to. Bu yapılar kendilerinden sonra isim, zamir ya da isim-fiil (gerund) alırlar.
Because
Since
As
As/so long as + a clause, main clause.
Inasmuch as
Seeing that,
Seeing as

Because of On account of
Thanks to + noun/pronoun/gerund, main clause.
Owing to Due to
Cause: She was ill.                       Effect: She couldn't go to school.
Because she was ill, she couldn't go to school. Hasta olduğu için okula gidemedi.
Because of her illness, she couldn't go to school. Hastalığı yüzünden okula gidemedi.
I was late for work yesterday because the traffic was heavy. 1 was late for work yesterday because of the heavy traffic.
As prices rise dramatically, it's difficult to make ends meet.
Owing to dramatically rising prices, it's difficult to make ends meet.
Since employment is limited in rural areas, many people are moving to big cities.
Due to the limited employment in rural areas, many people are moving to big cities,
Bazen isim kalabalık bir sözcük öbeğinden oluşabilir. Bu durumda isim ile cümle arasındaki ayrımı yaparken dikkatli olunuz. İngilizce'de Subject + verb diziminin bir cümle oluşturduğunu anımsayınız.
Because she bought me a very expensive present for my birthday, I now feel obliged to buy her an expensive one too. (Subject + verb, a clause)
Because of the very expensive present she bought me for my birthday, I now feel obliged to buy her an expensive one too. (noun + relative clause = "doğum günümde bana aldığı çok pahalı hediye" yine isimdir.)
Because there has been construction work on the highway going on for some time now, we have been taking another road to work.
On account of the construction work on the highway going on for some time now, we have been taking another road to work.
c) Because of, on account of, due to ve owing to yapılarından sonra the fact that kullanırsak devamında İsim değil cümle gelir.         
d) Therefore, consequently ve as a result neden-sonuç ilişkisi bildiren transition'lardır. Transition, bir düşünceden başka bir düşünceye geçişi sağlayan sözcük ya da sözcük grubudur. Transition ikinci cümlenin yani sonuç cümlesinin başına gelir ve iki cümle yer değiştiremez.
Cause: It's raining heavily.                    Effect: We can't go out,
Because it's raining heavily, we can't go out. We can't go out because it's raining heavily.
It's raining heavily.   Therefore, we can't go out.
Consequently, we can't go out. As a result, we can't go out.
It's raining heavily, so we can't go out.
She didn't feel well. Therefore, she left the office early. She didn't feel well. She, therefore, left the office early. She didn't feel well. She left the office early, therefore. (Note: Birinci cümleden sonra nokta yerine noktalı virgül koyup ikinci cümleye geçebiliriz. Bu durumda cümleye küçük harfle başlanır.)
Bir transition cümle içinde üç yerde bulunabilir: cümlenin başında, özneden sonra (yardımcı fiil varsa, yardımcı fiille yüklem arasında) ve cümlenin sonunda. Genellikle transition virgülle cümlenin devamından ayrılır.
Yukarıda tablodaki cümleler aynı anlamı ifade etmektedirler. Ancak kullanım farkları vardır. 
Because, as, since gibi bağlaçlar bir yan cümleyi temel cümleye bağlayan sözcüklerdir. Yan cümle temel cümleden önce ya da sonra gelebilir.
Therefore, consequently ve as a result "bu yüzden, bu nedenle" anlamını veren geçiş sözcükleridir ve ikinci cümlede kullanılırlar. So, iki bağımsız cümleyi birleştiren bir bağlaçtır ve o da therefore vb. gibi sonuç cümlesinde kullanılır. Ancak so cümle içinde transition 'lar gibi yer değiştiremez ve genellikle kendinden önce bir virgül alır.
e) As a result of ve as a consequence of, "because of anlamındadır ve kendilerinden sonra noun/pronoun alarak nedeni ifade eden cümlede kullanılırlar.
He came late. Consequently, we missed the bus.
We missed the bus as a consequence of his coming late.
[Onun geç gelmesi yüzünden otobüsü kaçırdık.)
She was busy. As a result, she couldn't help me. As a result of her being busy, she couldn't help me.
f) So ... that ve such ... that bağlaçları da neden-sonuç ilişkisi ifade eder *,
Cause: It was too windy.              Effect: We couldn't go sailing.
It was so windy that we couldn't go sailing.
Cause: It was a wonderful film. Effect: I watched it again.
It was such a wonderful film that I watched it again.
g)      For "because" ile aynı anlamı verir ancak kullanımı daha kısıtlıdır.
For, neden belirten cümlenin başında kullanılır ancak bağlı bulunduğu cümle ikinci bölümde yer alır.
He finished his meal quickly, for he hadn't eaten anything since the morning. (For'un bağlı bulunduğu cümle başa gelemez.)
He finished his meal quickly because he hadn't eaten anything since the morning.
Because he hadn't eaten anything since the morning, he finished his meal quickly.
For, "not, but" gibi başka bir bağlaçla kullanılmaz ancak because bu şekilde kullanılabilir.
I got annoyed, not because he came late but because he didn't inform me that he was going to be late. Geç kaldığı için değil, geç kalacağını bana bildirmediği için kızdım.
Because bir soruya yanıt olarak kullanılabilir ancak for, as ve since bu biçimde kullanılmaz
- Why were you late for work?
- Because I missed the bus
h)      İki cümle arasında neden-sonuç ilişkisi, incelediğimiz bu bağlaç ve kalıpların dışında başka sözcük ya da yapılarla
da ifade edilebilir. Şimdi aşağıdaki cümleleri dikkatle inceleyiniz.
Cause

Effect
Man hunts whales in large numbers;

therefore as a result.   as a result of this.   consequently,   as a consequence of this,   because of this.   thus

they face extinction
Man hunts whales in large numbers.
so
they face extinction.

da ifade edilebilir. Şimdi aşağıdaki cümleleri dikkatle inceleyiniz.

Cause

Effect
Man hunts whales in so many whales tha
such large numbers that Man hunts
they face extinction
they face extinction
Because 
Since
Due to the fact that Owing to the fact that
man hunts whales in large numbers
they face extinction.AS
Because of
On account of Due to Owing to Thanks to As a result of As a consequence of
man's hunting whales in large numbers.
they face extinction



Cause

Effect
Man's hunting whales in large numbers causes

the danger of their becoming extinct
leads to results in is the reason for is responsible for





Effect

Cause
Whales' facing extinction
is due to
is a consequence of results from
is a result of
man's hunting  them in large numbers

EXERCISE 3:

EXERCISE 3:     Complete the sentences with the correct verb form. Pay attention to whether the verb is active or passive.
1- Hardly (her head, touch]  ....................................... the pillow when her emergency pager (start)  ...................................  to bleep.
2- The moment he {see}........................................  the bright red sports car in the showroom window, he (KNOW)  .................................... he had to own it,
3- I hope, by the time she [leave] ...........................................school, she [change]  ................................. her mind about joining the army,
4- My daughter [want]  ...................................... to be a ballet dancer ever since I [take]  ................................. her to see 'Swan Lake" by the Sandlers Wells Ballet Company.
5- I think that by the time Bob [call] ............................................ around, my hair [be]  .................................  dry.
6-   The last time 1 [eat] ......................................... at Rackham's restaurant, I [have]  ................................. the poached salmon.
7- 1 [gain] .................................. some weight recently, but I have promised myself that I [diet] ................................... as soon as 1 [get] ....................................... the chance.
8- My sister is so lazy! Whenever she [hold]  ........................................... a party, she [hire]  ................................. caterers.
9- While our car [repair)  ...................................... tomorrow, I [look] ....................................... around the shops for a few items for the holiday,
10- We [not, buy)  .................................... any more furniture until we [move]  ................................. into our new house next month,
11- Just as she [board]  ........................................the plane, her boyfriend (run)  ................................. up to her begging her not to go.
12- No sooner (she. enter)  .......................................  the ballroom than her diamond necklace [drop] .................................. to the floor. To her embarrassment, individual diamonds shot off in all directions.
13- The first time she {take) ......................................... her son to school, she [stand]  ................................. at the gate watching him feeling a little sad.
14- By the lime my husband {get)  .......................................... out of the lift on the sixth floor, 1, having climbed the stairs, [be, already) ............................................. there to meet him. He couldn't believe it,

15- If I [keep] .................................... working at my present rate, I [address) ................................. all the envelopes before the post [collect] ............................................... from the office

3-1 ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF TIME

3-1   ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF TIME

after
After I finish/have finished this report, I will go out for lunch. After I finished/had finished the report, I went out for lunch.

before
Before I go out for lunch, 1 will finish this report. Before I went out for lunch, I finished/had finished the report.

when 
When I got home, they were eating dinner. When I got home, they ate dinner. When I got home, they had eaten dinner. When I get home, they will be eating dinner. When I get home, they will eat dinner. When I get home, they will have eaten dinner.                              When I finish/have finished this report, I will go out for lunch.                               When I finished/had finished the report, I went out for lunch. When I see him tomorrow, I will give him your message. When I saw him yesterday, I gave him your message. 

while, as
While/As I was walking up the street. I ran into an old friend. While/As I was taking the cake out of the oven, I burnt myself. While/As I cooked dinner, my son sat in the kitchen and watched me. My friend looked after my plants while I was on holiday. My friend will look after my plants while I am on holiday. They were playing cards while I was working hard on my thesis. 

by the time
By the time he comes back, we will have finished the work. By the time he comes back, it will be too late. By the time he came back, we had finished the work. By the time he came back, it was too late.

until, till 
She will wait for me until/till I finish/have finished my work. She waited for me until/till I finished/had finished my work. I had never heard of that author until/till you told me about her.

since
I am very happy to see him. We haven't seen each other since we left school. I was very happy to see him, because we hadn't seen each other since we left school. 

as soon as, once, the moment, immediately
As soon as/Once/The moment/Immediately I saw him. I understood that something was wrong.
As soon as I finished/had finished my work, I went out. As soon as I finish/have finished my work, I will go out.

as long as, so long as
         I won't forgive him as/so long as I live.
I never bought anything from that shop as/so long as I lived there.

whenever, every time
         I greet him whenever/every time I see him,
I greeted (used to greet) him whenever/every time I saw him.

the first time, the second time, the next time, the last time, etc
         The first time I went to Ankara, I stayed at a three-star hotel. The next time I go there, I won't stay at the same hotel. The last time I went there, I visited many friends. The last time I saw him, he was working for a computing firm.

now (that)
Now that we have finished our work, we can go out for a walk. Now that school is over, he can start to look for a job

no sooner ... than, hardly/scarcely ... when
I had no sooner received his letter than he himself arrived. I had scarcely/hardly received his letter when he himself arrived,

NOTES:

         a) Zaman bağlaçları, eylemler arasında zaman açısından ilişki kurduğu için İki cümle arasında tense uyuşması olmak zorundadır. (Yukarıda verilen örnekleri dikkatle inceleyiniz.]

b) Zaman bağlacının bulunduğu cümlede (adverbial clause} Future tense (be going to, will) kullanılmaz. Eylem gelecekte yapılacak bile olsa Simple Present tense (do/does) ya da eylemin gelecekte tamamlanmış olacağını vurgulamak için Present Perfect tense (have/has done) kullanılır.
When he came, I was studying, (adverbial clause of time) When he comes, we will study together.
I don't know when he will come, (noun clause) [ don't know when he came.
Do you remember the day when the meeting will be held?
Do you remember the day when the meeting was held? (relative clause)

c) Now (that) past tense'lerle kullanılmaz. Now (that) in bağlı bulunduğu cümlede Simple Present ya da Present Perfect tense kullanılır.
Now that you are eighteen, you can get a driver's license. Now that we have finished our work, we can drink coffee.

d)  After, before, when, as soon as ve as ile just kullanarak eylemler arasındaki ilişkiye tezlik kazandırabiliriz.

Just as we sat down to eat. the phone rang, Tam yemeğe oturduk ki telefon çaldı.
Just after you left the office, a client of yours came.             Sen bürodan çıktıktan hemen sonra bir müşterin geldi,
Just before he came, we had eaten our dinner. O gelmeden hemen önce biz yemeğimizi yemiştik.
Just when I got to the office, they were signing the contract. Tam ben büroya gittiğimde kontratı imzalıyorlardı
         Hardly/scarcely ... when ile no sooner ... than kalıplan genellikle devrik cümle yapısıyla kullanılırlar. Bu kalıplar iki eylem arasında geçen sürenin çok kısa olduğunu vurgular ve as soon as ile aynı anlamı ifade ederler.
She had hardly gone to bed when the phone rang. Hardly had she gone to bed when the phone rang.
She had no sooner gone to bed than the phone rang. No sooner had she gone to bed than the phone rang. Henüz yatmıştı ki telefon çaldı.
After ile afterwards arasındaki ayrıma dikkat ediniz. After bağlaç olarak kendinden sonra cümle; preposition olarak da İsim alır: after the class, after the meeting, etc, Afterwards bir zarftır ve "later, after that" anlamını verir.
After she came, we went out.
We went out after she came. (O geldikten sonra dışarı çıktık.) She came.
Afterwards, we went out, She came. We went out afterwards. (O geldi. Ondan sonra dışarı çıktık.)
















3- SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

3- SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
Bir yan cümleyi temel cümleye bağlayan when, before, because, although gibi sözcükler subordinating conjunctions diye isimlendirilir. Bağlacın bulunduğu cümle (adverbial clause) temel cümleden önce ya da sonra gelebilir. Adverbial clause temel cümlenin önünde yer alırsa iki cümle arasında virgül kullanılır. Temel cümleden sonra geliyorsa genellikle virgül kullanılmaz.

Although it was raining, she went out for a walk. She went out for a walk although it was raining.
Because she was tired, she went straight to bed. She went straight to bed because she was tired.
After she made a phone call, she left home. She left home after she made a phone call.
If she were a bit more reasonable, she wouldn't be in this mess. She wouldn't be in this mess if she were a bit more reasonable. 

Bu bağlaçları, cümleler arasında kurduğu ilişki bakımından gamlandırarak şöyle sıralayabiliriz:

Time
after, before, by the time (that), until, till, since, as long as. while, as, when, whenever, once, as soon as, immediately, now (that)
Place
where, wherever, as far as
Manner
as, as if, as though, how
Cause
because, as, since, seeing that, seeing as, for, as/so long as. inasmuch as
Purpose
so that/in order that, for the purpose that, for fear that, lest
Concession and Contrast
although, though, even though, while, whereas, much as, however + adj./adv., no matter + question word
Condition
if. unless, only if, whether or not, even if, providing (that) provided (that), in case, as/so long as, suppose (that), supposing (that)
Result

so + adj./adv. that, such (a/an) + adj. + noun + that