EXERCISE 2

EXERCISE 2:     Choose the correct one in parentheses. 

Not only the fire itself but also the poisonous fumes [was/were] to blame for the high death toll.

1- Both the fire fighters and the police [is/are] hurrying to the scene of the accident. 
2- Neither the driver nor the passengers [know/knows] how to avoid the road works, 
3- Neither the passengers nor the driver [know/knows] how to avoid the road works. 
4- Both his attendance and his timekeeping [is/are] disappointing. 
5- Either the comments the Chairman made at the meeting or the action he took afterwards [has/have] upset the 
company secretary, 
6- Neither the hero nor the members of the cast [was/were] happy with the directing, 
7- Both the winner and the runner up [is/are] certain to run In the final. 
8- Not only homeless adults but also children who have run away from home [is/are] sleeping under the railway 
bridge. 
9- Both his wit and his colorful background [make/makes] his stories hilarious. 
10- Either a fall in customers or a rise in costs [has/have] caused the company's financial crisis. 
11- Neither the monuments nor the museum [was/ were] very interesting. 
12- Not only the fire brigade's demand for 30,000 pounds a year but also their refusal to let the army use the fire trucks 
[has/have] led to a loss of public support, 
13- Not only her heavy drinking but also her lack of motivation [was/were] of concern to her mother. 
14- Either Cath's presentation skills or Joanne's strategic plan [has/have] impressed the customers as they have placed an 
order immediately. 
15- Neither his friends nor his wife [was/were] able to prevent him from quitting his job. 
16- Not only his staff but also his customers [was/were] sorry to see him go. 
17- Not only my favorite newspaper but also all the other quality ones [was/were] sold out at our shop. 
18- Both America and Britain [is/are] targets for the terrorists. 
19- Neither her intellect nor her diplomacy [seems/seem] to be helping her negotiations with the service provider

EXERCISE 1:

EXERCISE 1:     Combine the following sentences using the correlative conjunctions.

Use both ... and. 

1-    The bus service is unreliable. It is also expensive. 
2-    Aspirin is an effective pain killer. Ibuprofen is an effective pain killer, too, 
3-    The United States accepts many refugees. Canada also accepts many refugees. 
4-    The person we choose for the job must be experienced. He or she must also be flexible. 

Use not only ... but also. 

5-   The raising of the Narmada Dam in India by five metres is a violation of a 2000 Supreme Court judgement. It is also an unsustainable development. 
6-    Non-union fire fighters will work during the strike. Part-time fire fighters will work during the strike, too. 
7-    A good thriller needs suspense. It also needs plenty of action. 
8-    Honey is delicious on its own. it is also delicious when added to puddings. 

Use neither ... nor 

9-    His mother isn't as tall as Rodney. His father isn't, either. 
10- The legend doesn't have a happy ending, and nor does the original film version. 
11- The relocation of villages hasn't been adequately funded, nor has it been properly planned. 
12- He isn't fast enough to play for the first team. He isn't even-tempered enough to play for the first team, either. 

Use either ... or. 

13- My secretary will proofread your report, or I'll proofread it myself, if she is too busy. 
14- He was going to mention the new procedure. He may have forgotten about it, or he may have changed his mind about it. 
15- All the injured passengers have been sent to hospital. Some have been sent to Kidderminster General and the others have been sent to Royal Shrewsbury Hospital. 
16- Jamie is really excited about something. She might be looking forward to her grandmother's visit or she might be looking forward to going to the zoo

2- CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS

2-    CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS

Bu gruptaki bağlaçlar ikili olarak kullanılır: both... and, either...or, neither...nor, not only but also. Bu bağlaçlar iki özne, nesne, sıfat, zarf ve fiili, sözcük öbeğini (phrase) ya da cümleciği [clause) bağlayabilir. 
İki ayrı cümleyi bağlaçla tek bir cümleye dönüştürürken dikkat etmemiz gereken noktalar şunlardır: 

2-1    Önce cümlelerin ortak ve farklı olan öğeleri belirlenir. Farklı olan öğelerden birinin başına bağlacın birinci bölümü, diğerinin başına ikinci bölümü getirilir. 

Ali will come with us. Ayşe will come with us. 

Yukarıdaki örnekte farklı olan öğeler öznelerdir. Bu durumda kullanacağımız bağlaç bu iki sözcüğü birleştirecektir. 

Both Ali and Ayşe will come with us. Not only Ali but also Ayşe will come with us. She is beautiful. She is clever, She is both beautiful and clever. She isn't tall. She isn't short. She is neither tall nor short

2-2    Bağlaçla elde ettiğimiz yapının cümle içindeki yeri bağladığı öğenin yeriyle aynıdır. Yani iki özneyi bağladıysa cümlenin başında, iki nesneyi bağladıysa yüklemden sonra yer alır, 

Ali will help me, or Ayşe will help me. (subject + subject) Either Ali or Ayşe will help me. 
I didn't buy a shirt. 1 didn't buy a skirt, (object + object] I bought neither a shirt nor a skirt. 
The him was too long. The film was boring, (adj. + adj.) The film was both too long and boring.
She wants to learn whether the job is well-paid. She wants to learn whether she will have any opportunity for promotion, (noun clause + noun clause) She wants to learn not only whether the job is well-paid but also whether she will have any opportunity for promotion. 

2-3    Both ... and iki Özneyi bağlıyorsa fiil daima çoğuldur. Diğer bağlaçlarla yükleme yakın olan özne yani ikinci özne temel alınır. Eğer ikinci özne tekilse tekil bir fiil, çoğulsa çoğul bir fiil kullanılır. 

Both my parents and my sister are coming tomorrow. Both Ali and Ayşe were absent from class yesterday. 
Not only my parents but also my sister is coming tomorrow. Not only my sister but also my parents are coming tomorrow. Not only Ali but also Ayşe was absent from class yesterday. 
Neither the manager nor my colleagues approve of the plan. Neither my colleagues nor the manager approves of the plan. 
Either the teacher or the students have made a mistake. Either the students or the teacher has made a mistake. 

2-4    Both ... and Türkçeye  hem ... hem de biçiminde çevrilir ve olumlu cümlelerde kullanılır.

Both the driver and the passengers were badly injured. Hem sürücü hem de yolcular ağır yaralandı. 

Yesterday I both cleaned the house and went to the cinema. Dün hem evi temizledim hem de sinemaya gittim.

Not only ... but also da olumlu cümlelerle kullanılır. Both ... and den daha vurgulu bir ifadedir. 

Not only the driver but also the passengers were injured, Sadece sürücü değil yolcular da yaralandı. 

I not only cleaned the house but also went to the cinema, Sadece evi temizlemekle kalmadım, sinemaya da gittim. 

Neither ... nor Türkçeye ne ... ne de biçiminde çevrilir. Kendisi olumsuz bir yapı olduğu için olumlu fiille kullanılır ancak cümlenin anlamı olumsuzdur.

Ali doesn't like fish. Ayşe doesn't like fish. Neither Ali nor Ayşe likes fish. (Ne Ali ne de Ayşe balığı sever.) 

She didn't study. She didn't watch TV She neither studied nor watched TV. [Ne ders çalıştı ne de televizyon izledi.) 

Either ... or, ya ...ya da anlamındadır. Genellikle olumlu cümlede kullanılır. Olumsuz cümlede kullanıldığı zaman neither ... nor ile aynı anlamı verir

Either my sister or my friend must have taken my book. Kitabımı ya kardeşim ya da arkadaşım almış olmalı. 

She has either fallen asleep or gone somewhere. Ya uyuyakaldı ya da bir yere gitti. 

She has been paralysed since that shocking incident. She can't either speak or walk. [She can neither speak nor walk.) Ne konuşabiliyor ne de yürüyebiliyor.

2-5    Not only ... but also iki cümleyi bağlıyorsa, not only'nin bağlı bulunduğu cümle devrik, ikinci cümle düz olur. 

The hotel was marvellous. The hotel was cheap. The hotel was not only marvellous but also cheap. Not only was the hotel marvellous, but it was also cheap. 

Not only ... but also ilci cümleyi bağlarken, ikinci cümlenin de kendi öznesi ve yüklemi olmak zorundadır. Bu durumda also cümle içindeki normal yerinde kullanılır. Not only ... but also kalıbı also kaldırılarak da kullanılabilir. 

He shouted at the child. He also hit him. He not only shouted at the child but also hit him. Not only did he shout at the child, but he (also) hit him. Çocuğa sadece bağırmakla kalmadı onu dövdü de. 
Pollution does harm to people today. It also endangers the survival of human beings in the future. Pollution not only does harm to people today but also endangers the survival of human beings in the future. Not only does pollution do harm to people today, but it (also) endangers the survival of human beings in the future.  

Note:     Not only ... but also iki özneyi bağlarken de cümlenin başında yer alır. Ancak bu durumda cümle devrik olmaz. 

Not only humans but also other living things are gravely affected by pollution.

1- COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

1-    COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS 

Bu bağlaçlar şunlardır: and, or, but, nor, so, for, yet 

1-1    AND, OR, BUT ve YET, sözcükleri ya da cümleleri bağlamak için kullanılır.  

AND aynı doğrultuda anlama sahip sözcükleri birleştirir (her ikisi de olumlu ya da her ikisi de olumsuz): beautiful and clever, sunny and warm, crowded and noisy, eLc. 

BUT ve YET "fakat, ama" anlamına gelir ve zıtlık vurgulayan, çelişen sözcükleri birleştirir: beautiful but/yet stupid, cheap but/yet good, warm but/yet windy, etc. 

OR seçenek sunarken "ya da" anlamında kullanılır: sooner or later, my parents or my sister, elc. 

noun + and/but/or + noun 

Cats and dogs don't get along well. The dog but not the cat is known to be faithful. A toy or a game makes a good present for children. 

adjective/adverb + and/but/yet/or + adjective/adverb 

He drove the car slowly and carefully. He drove the car fast but/yet carefully. He is sleepy or bored. 

infinitive/gerund + and/but/or + infinitive/gerund 

I'd like to watch TV or (to) listen to some music.I've decided to quit school and (to) find a job. I like walking but not running. 

verb + and/but/yet/or + verb 

Aynı özne birden fazla eylem gerçekleştiriyorsa, bu eylemleri, özneyi yinelemeden, bağlaçları kullanarak birleştirebiliriz. Eğer bağlaçtan sonraki eylemin yardımcı fiili ilk eyleminkiyle aynı ise yardımcı fiili tekrar kullanmayabiliriz. Ancak yardımcı fiil değişiyorsa kullanmak zorundayız.

She opened her purse, took out some change and paid for the ticket. She has a lot of qualifications and is very talented. I looked everywhere for my glasses but couldn't And them. She knows a lot about the job but isn't very keen to work. She will stay in a dormitory or rent a house with friends.      

 1-2    AND, BUT, YET (fakat), OR, NOR, SO (bu yüzden] ve FOR (çünkü) iki bağımsız cümleyi bağlayabilir.  
İki tam cümleyi araya virgül koyarak arka arkaya ifade etmek mümkün değildir. Ancak birinci cümleyi noktalayıp ikinci cümleye geçebiliriz ya da arada bir bağlaç kullanırız. Bağlaçlar ikinci cümlenin başına gelir ve genellikle kendilerinden önce virgül kullanılır. 

And, but ve or büyük harfle cümle başlatabilir ancak yine kendinden önceki cümleyle bağlantılıdır. 

The children were playing. The parents were chatting.
The children were playing and the parents were chatting.
The  children were playing, and the parents were chatting.
The children were playing. And the parents were chatting. 

Yet, so ve for bağlaç olarak kullanıldıklarında kendilerinden önce virgül gelir. 

She didn't feel well, so she didn't go to work.
Kendini iyi hissetmiyordu bu yüzden işe gitmedi. 

She didn't go to work, for she didn't feel well,
İşe gitmedi çünkü kendini iyi hissetmiyordu. 

She didn't feel well, yet she still went to work.
Kendini iyi hissetmiyordu ama yine de işe gitti. 

Nor bu şekilde bağlaç olarak kullanıldığında birinci cümle olumsuz olur ya da refuse, deny gibi olumsuz anlama sahip bir fiil içerir. Nor'un bağlı bulunduğu ikinci cümle ise devrik olur. Cümleyi devrik yapmak için yardımcı fiil+özne+eylem dizimi kullanılır. 

He doesn't like meat, nor does he like fish.Eti sevmediği gibi balığı da sevmez.

She herself didn't watch the film, nor did she let us watch it.Filmi kendisi izlemediği gibi bizim izlememize de izin vermedi. 

He refuses to take exercise, nor does he try to eat less.    Egzersiz yapmayı reddettiği gibi az yemeye de çalışmıyor. 

CONJUNCTIONS AND TRANSITIONS

CONJUNCTIONS AND TRANSITIONS 

Bağlaçlar (conjunctions), aynı gramer yapıya sahip (iki isim, iki sıfat, iki zarf gibi) sözcük ya da sözcük öbeklerini ve cümleleri bağlayan sözcüklerdir. Bunlar so, and, once gibi tek bir sözcükten oluşabilir ya da in order that, so that, as long as gibi bir sözcük öbeği de olabilirler, 

Although she studied hard, she couldn't pass the exam.  

Transitions ya da connectors diye isimlendirilen however, therefore, nevertheless gibi sözcükler ise sadece iki cümleyi bağlayan, bir düşünceden diğer bir düşünceye geçişi sağlayan cümle bağlaçlarıdır.

She studied hard; nevertheless, she couldn't pass the exam. 

Bağlaçları üç grupta inceleyebiliriz: 
1- Coordinating conjunctions 
2- Correlative conjunctions 
3- Subordinating conjunctions